Notes |
- Gruffydd (pronounced: "Griffith") was a formidable ruler, who succeeded for some time in bringing most of Wales under his control, but pushed too hard. On his father's death, he did not succeed to his father's kingdom of Deheubarth, but he did manage to take Powys and Gwynedd. It was not until 1055 that, by conquest, he succeeded in regaining his father's kingdom. His three kingdoms made him a powerful opponent and for some time he terrorized the border of the Kingdom of Mercia Eventually Gruffydd was forced to do homage to King Edward "the Confessor".
|